# Vulnerability Testing Coverage Pentest Copilot is an AI-native security testing solution that automatically identifies vulnerabilities in applications and networks by generating contextual, application-specific testing scenarios. Below is a comprehensive & exhaustive overview of the vulnerability categories and types that Pentest Copilot tests for: * External Assessment: 26 vulnerability categories covering web application security, focusing on authentication, injection, client-side attacks, and server-side vulnerabilities. * Internal Assessment: 18+ vulnerability types covering Active Directory security, privilege escalation, delegation attacks, certificate abuse, and lateral movement techniques. This coverage enables comprehensive security testing across both external-facing applications and internal network infrastructure. ### External Assessment Vulnerabilities #### Authentication & Authorization **Authentication** Weak authentication mechanisms that permit unauthorized access, from issues such as weak password policies, misconfigured authentication flows, inadequate session management, flawed token-based systems (e.g., JWT), or SQL Injection Auth bypasses. **Authorization** Improper access control can lead to privilege escalation and data breaches. Common flaws include IDOR (Insecure Direct Object References) and broken role-based access control (RBAC). **IDOR (Insecure Direct Object References)** Occurs when a user can access unauthorized resources by modifying object identifiers (e.g., changing user\_id=123 to user\_id=124 in a request to access another user's data). **JWT (JSON Web Tokens)** Weak signing algorithms, lack of expiration checks, and improper key handling can lead to token forgery and authentication bypass. **OAuth** Poorly implemented OAuth flows can lead to token leakage, unauthorized access, and account takeover (e.g., open redirect exploits). **SAML** XML signature attacks, misconfigured assertions, or token manipulation can lead to authentication bypass and identity theft. #### Injection Vulnerabilities **SQL Injection** Injection of malicious SQL queries into application inputs to manipulate or extract data from a relational database, potentially enabling unauthorized data access, or modification. **NoSQL Injection** Manipulating NoSQL queries via unvalidated user input, often in MongoDB, to bypass authentication or extract sensitive data. **Command Injection** Executing user-supplied commands within a system shell due to improper input validation, leading to full system compromise. **SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection)** Injecting malicious template syntax (e.g., Embedded Ruby (ERB), Jinja) to execute arbitrary code on the server. **XML (XXE)** Poorly secured XML processing can lead to XML External Entity (XXE) attacks, which may expose internal files or perform SSRF. #### Client-Side & Browser Vulnerabilities **XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)** Be able to inject HTML or JavaScript into the application to execute malicious scripts in the user's browser potentially stealing cookies or performing unauthorized actions. **CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery)** Tricks authenticated users into performing unintended actions (e.g., transferring funds) by exploiting a lack of request origin validation. **Open Redirect** Open redirect vulnerabilities occur when a web application or server uses unvalidated, user-supplied input to redirect users to other sites. This can allow attackers to craft malicious links that appear legitimate but redirect to malicious sites. **Prototype Pollution** Altering JavaScript object prototypes through user input, leading to unexpected behavior, privilege escalation, or XSS attacks. #### File & Directory Vulnerabilities **File Upload** Improper validation of file uploads can lead to remote code execution (RCE) or unauthorized file access, especially when allowing executable file types. **Directory Traversal** Allows attackers to access files outside the intended directories by manipulating file paths (e.g., ../../../etc/passwd). #### Server-Side Vulnerabilities **SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery)** Exploiting a vulnerable server to make unauthorized requests to internal systems, often leading to data exposure or further exploitation. **Serialization** Deserializing untrusted data without proper validation can allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or manipulate object states. **HTTP Request Smuggling** Manipulating HTTP headers to send malformed requests that bypass security controls, leading to request hijacking or data leakage. #### Application Logic & Configuration **Business Logic** Exploiting flaws in the application's logic (e.g., bypassing price validation in an e-commerce site) can lead to financial loss or abuse of system functionality. **Mass Assignment** A mass assignment attack is a security vulnerability that occurs when a web application automatically assigns user-supplied input values to properties or variables of a program object. This can become an issue if a user is able to modify attributes they should not have access to, like a user's permissions or an admin flag. **Race Condition** Exploiting concurrency flaws to perform unauthorized actions (e.g., withdrawing money twice by submitting multiple requests rapidly). **Cache** Caching sensitive data (e.g., session tokens) in shared or public storage can lead to unauthorized access. Improper cache control headers can expose private data. #### Information Disclosure **Information Disclosure** Unintended exposure of sensitive data via error messages, misconfigured servers, or leaked credentials in source code. #### Protocol & Communication Vulnerabilities **WebSockets** Lack of authentication and validation in WebSocket communications can lead to unauthorized data access or injection attacks. *** ### Internal Assessment Vulnerabilities #### Active Directory & Authentication **Authentication Bypass** Bypassing authentication mechanisms in Active Directory or network services to gain unauthorized access. **Credential Exposure** Exposure of credentials through insecure storage, transmission, or configuration that could lead to unauthorized access. **Credential Disclosure** Unauthorized disclosure of credentials through various attack vectors including memory dumps, configuration files, or network interception. #### Privilege Escalation **Privilege Escalation** Gaining elevated privileges beyond what is normally granted, allowing access to restricted resources or administrative functions. **ACL Privilege Escalation** Exploiting misconfigured Access Control Lists (ACLs) in Active Directory to escalate privileges and gain unauthorized access to sensitive objects. #### Active Directory Delegation Vulnerabilities **Unconstrained Delegation** Misconfigured Kerberos delegation allowing service accounts to impersonate users to any service, potentially leading to domain compromise. **Constrained Delegation** Exploiting constrained delegation configurations to impersonate users to specific services, enabling lateral movement and privilege escalation. **RBCD (Resource-Based Constrained Delegation)** Abusing resource-based constrained delegation to gain unauthorized access to services by modifying delegation settings on target objects. **RBCD Configured** Detection of configured resource-based constrained delegation that could be exploited for privilege escalation attacks. #### Active Directory Certificate Services (ADCS) **ADCS Template Vulnerabilities (ESC1-ESC15)** Various ADCS certificate template vulnerabilities that allow impersonation of domain administrators through certificate abuse, including: * ESC1: Direct certificate request for domain admin UPN * ESC2/ESC3: Certificate request with on-behalf-of functionality * ESC4: Template modification vulnerabilities * ESC5: Admin access to CA server * ESC6: EDITF\_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 enabled * ESC7: Dangerous CA permissions * ESC8: Web enrollment over HTTP with relay attack * ESC9: No security extension vulnerabilities * ESC10: Weak cert mapping * ESC11: Encryption not enforced * ESC13-ESC15: Various policy and schema vulnerabilities #### Kerberos & Ticket Vulnerabilities **Golden Ticket Vulnerability** Detection of conditions allowing creation of Golden Tickets (forged Kerberos TGTs) to maintain persistent access to the domain. #### Active Directory Trust Vulnerabilities **AD Bidirectional Trust** Misconfigured bidirectional trust relationships between domains that could allow unauthorized cross-domain access. #### Lateral Movement **Lateral Movement** Techniques used to move through a network after initial compromise, accessing additional systems and resources. #### Remote Code Execution **Remote Code Execution** Ability to execute arbitrary code on remote systems, often through vulnerable services or misconfigurations. #### Configuration & Information Disclosure **Configuration Weakness** Security misconfigurations in systems, services, or applications that create vulnerabilities or expose sensitive information. **Information Disclosure** Unintended exposure of sensitive information through error messages, misconfigured services, or insecure protocols. #### Share & Access Vulnerabilities **Share Exposure** Insecure SMB share configurations exposing sensitive files or directories to unauthorized access. **LAPS Password Abuse** Abuse of Local Administrator Password Solution (LAPS) configurations or vulnerabilities to obtain administrative credentials. --- # Agent Instructions: Querying This Documentation If you need additional information that is not directly available in this page, you can query the documentation dynamically by asking a question. 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