Vulnerability Testing Coverage

Below is a comprehensive list of categories Pentest Copilot provides testing coverage for

Pentest Copilot is an AI-native security testing solution that automatically identifies vulnerabilities in applications and networks by generating contextual, application-specific testing scenarios. Below is a comprehensive & exhaustive overview of the vulnerability categories and types that Pentest Copilot tests for:

External Assessment: 26 vulnerability categories covering web application security, focusing on authentication, injection, client-side attacks, and server-side vulnerabilities.
Internal Assessment: 18+ vulnerability types covering Active Directory security, privilege escalation, delegation attacks, certificate abuse, and lateral movement techniques.

This coverage enables comprehensive security testing across both external-facing applications and internal network infrastructure.

External Assessment Vulnerabilities

Authentication & Authorization

Authentication

Weak authentication mechanisms that permit unauthorized access, from issues such as weak password policies, misconfigured authentication flows, inadequate session management, flawed token-based systems (e.g., JWT), or SQL Injection Auth bypasses.

Authorization

Improper access control can lead to privilege escalation and data breaches. Common flaws include IDOR (Insecure Direct Object References) and broken role-based access control (RBAC).

IDOR (Insecure Direct Object References)

Occurs when a user can access unauthorized resources by modifying object identifiers (e.g., changing user_id=123 to user_id=124 in a request to access another user's data).

JWT (JSON Web Tokens)

Weak signing algorithms, lack of expiration checks, and improper key handling can lead to token forgery and authentication bypass.

OAuth

Poorly implemented OAuth flows can lead to token leakage, unauthorized access, and account takeover (e.g., open redirect exploits).

SAML

XML signature attacks, misconfigured assertions, or token manipulation can lead to authentication bypass and identity theft.

Injection Vulnerabilities

SQL Injection

Injection of malicious SQL queries into application inputs to manipulate or extract data from a relational database, potentially enabling unauthorized data access, or modification.

NoSQL Injection

Manipulating NoSQL queries via unvalidated user input, often in MongoDB, to bypass authentication or extract sensitive data.

Command Injection

Executing user-supplied commands within a system shell due to improper input validation, leading to full system compromise.

SSTI (Server-Side Template Injection)

Injecting malicious template syntax (e.g., Embedded Ruby (ERB), Jinja) to execute arbitrary code on the server.

XML (XXE)

Poorly secured XML processing can lead to XML External Entity (XXE) attacks, which may expose internal files or perform SSRF.

Client-Side & Browser Vulnerabilities

XSS (Cross-Site Scripting)

Be able to inject HTML or JavaScript into the application to execute malicious scripts in the user's browser potentially stealing cookies or performing unauthorized actions.

CSRF (Cross-Site Request Forgery)

Tricks authenticated users into performing unintended actions (e.g., transferring funds) by exploiting a lack of request origin validation.

Open Redirect

Open redirect vulnerabilities occur when a web application or server uses unvalidated, user-supplied input to redirect users to other sites. This can allow attackers to craft malicious links that appear legitimate but redirect to malicious sites.

Prototype Pollution

Altering JavaScript object prototypes through user input, leading to unexpected behavior, privilege escalation, or XSS attacks.

File & Directory Vulnerabilities

File Upload

Improper validation of file uploads can lead to remote code execution (RCE) or unauthorized file access, especially when allowing executable file types.

Directory Traversal

Allows attackers to access files outside the intended directories by manipulating file paths (e.g., ../../../etc/passwd).

Server-Side Vulnerabilities

SSRF (Server-Side Request Forgery)

Exploiting a vulnerable server to make unauthorized requests to internal systems, often leading to data exposure or further exploitation.

Serialization

Deserializing untrusted data without proper validation can allow attackers to execute arbitrary code or manipulate object states.

HTTP Request Smuggling

Manipulating HTTP headers to send malformed requests that bypass security controls, leading to request hijacking or data leakage.

Application Logic & Configuration

Business Logic

Exploiting flaws in the application's logic (e.g., bypassing price validation in an e-commerce site) can lead to financial loss or abuse of system functionality.

Mass Assignment

A mass assignment attack is a security vulnerability that occurs when a web application automatically assigns user-supplied input values to properties or variables of a program object. This can become an issue if a user is able to modify attributes they should not have access to, like a user's permissions or an admin flag.

Race Condition

Exploiting concurrency flaws to perform unauthorized actions (e.g., withdrawing money twice by submitting multiple requests rapidly).

Cache

Caching sensitive data (e.g., session tokens) in shared or public storage can lead to unauthorized access. Improper cache control headers can expose private data.

Information Disclosure

Information Disclosure

Unintended exposure of sensitive data via error messages, misconfigured servers, or leaked credentials in source code.

Protocol & Communication Vulnerabilities

WebSockets

Lack of authentication and validation in WebSocket communications can lead to unauthorized data access or injection attacks.

Internal Assessment Vulnerabilities

Active Directory & Authentication

Authentication Bypass

Bypassing authentication mechanisms in Active Directory or network services to gain unauthorized access.

Credential Exposure

Exposure of credentials through insecure storage, transmission, or configuration that could lead to unauthorized access.

Credential Disclosure

Unauthorized disclosure of credentials through various attack vectors including memory dumps, configuration files, or network interception.

Privilege Escalation

Privilege Escalation

Gaining elevated privileges beyond what is normally granted, allowing access to restricted resources or administrative functions.

ACL Privilege Escalation

Exploiting misconfigured Access Control Lists (ACLs) in Active Directory to escalate privileges and gain unauthorized access to sensitive objects.

Active Directory Delegation Vulnerabilities

Unconstrained Delegation

Misconfigured Kerberos delegation allowing service accounts to impersonate users to any service, potentially leading to domain compromise.

Constrained Delegation

Exploiting constrained delegation configurations to impersonate users to specific services, enabling lateral movement and privilege escalation.

RBCD (Resource-Based Constrained Delegation)

Abusing resource-based constrained delegation to gain unauthorized access to services by modifying delegation settings on target objects.

RBCD Configured

Detection of configured resource-based constrained delegation that could be exploited for privilege escalation attacks.

Active Directory Certificate Services (ADCS)

ADCS Template Vulnerabilities (ESC1-ESC15)

Various ADCS certificate template vulnerabilities that allow impersonation of domain administrators through certificate abuse, including:

ESC1: Direct certificate request for domain admin UPN
ESC2/ESC3: Certificate request with on-behalf-of functionality
ESC4: Template modification vulnerabilities
ESC5: Admin access to CA server
ESC6: EDITF_ATTRIBUTESUBJECTALTNAME2 enabled
ESC7: Dangerous CA permissions
ESC8: Web enrollment over HTTP with relay attack
ESC9: No security extension vulnerabilities
ESC10: Weak cert mapping
ESC11: Encryption not enforced
ESC13-ESC15: Various policy and schema vulnerabilities

Kerberos & Ticket Vulnerabilities

Golden Ticket Vulnerability

Detection of conditions allowing creation of Golden Tickets (forged Kerberos TGTs) to maintain persistent access to the domain.

Active Directory Trust Vulnerabilities

AD Bidirectional Trust

Misconfigured bidirectional trust relationships between domains that could allow unauthorized cross-domain access.

Lateral Movement

Lateral Movement

Techniques used to move through a network after initial compromise, accessing additional systems and resources.

Remote Code Execution

Remote Code Execution

Ability to execute arbitrary code on remote systems, often through vulnerable services or misconfigurations.

Configuration & Information Disclosure

Configuration Weakness

Security misconfigurations in systems, services, or applications that create vulnerabilities or expose sensitive information.